目录
acknowledgements.
the author and series editors
foreword
text data, its sources, and presentation
chapter 1 what is vague language?
1.1 introduction
1.2 defining vague language
1.3 vagueness and communication
1.4 the treatment of vague language in this book
1.5 a working definition of vague language
1.6 the place of vagueness in the study of language
1.7 organization of the book
chapter 2 theory and methodology of the study of vague language
2.1 idealization
2.2 meaning and what it means to study meaning
2.3 levels of analysis of language
2.4 making judgements about language
2.5 distinguishing between semantics and pragmatics
2.6 semantics
2.7 representations of meaning
.2.8 pragmatics
2.9 context and pragmatics
2.10 vagueness versus ambiguity
2.11 methodology
2.12 examples and other data
2.13 transcription of recorded data
chapter 3 approximating quantities with numbers and approximators
3.1 introduction
3.2 the general meaning of approximator + n structures
3.3 about, around, and round
distribution and structure
meaning
3.4 approximately
distribution
meaning
3.5 norm
intonation
distribution
meaning
3.6 n or so
distribution
meaning
3.7 partial specifiers
3.8 combinations of approximators
3.9 numbers in approximations
approximators with and without round numbers
3.10 implicatures and entailments of approximator + n structures
3.11 cross-linguistic comparison
3.12 summary
chapter 4 approximating quantities with round numbers
4.1 using a precise number with a vague meaning
4.2 round numbers = reference point numbers
4.3 faded numbers as approximations
4.4 how do we know when an apparently exact
number is an approximation?
4.5 exaggeration
4.6 using a plural number name to approximate a quantity
meaning
4.7 cross-linguistic comparison
4.8 summary
chapter 5 approximating quantities with non-numerical
vague quantifiers
5.1 introduction
5.2 approach
5.3 plural quantifier + of + noun
bags (o19
loads (o19
lots (o19
masses (o19
oodles (o19
5.4 a + singular quantifier (+ of + noun)
a bit of
a load of
a lot (o19
a mass of
a scrap (o19
a toucb of
5.5 other uses of pseudopartitives..
5.6 vague quantifier + countable noun
(a) few
some
several
many
umpteen
5.7 adverbs of frequency
5.8 summary
chapter 6 referring vaguely to categories
6.1 introduction
6.2 an outline analysis
6.3 testing for the meaning of vague category
identifiers
method
results and discussion
responses to items in roschs categories
responses to real examples
general conclusions from the results
6.4 the structure of the tags
6.5 structure of exemplar + tag
noun phrase + tag
verb phrase + tag
embedded sentence + tag
prepositional phrase + tag
adjectives, adverbs + tags
intonation and vague tagging
6.6 co-occurrence restrictions
6.7 summary
chapter 7 tbingy and wbatsisname: placeholder words
7.1 introduction
7.2 examples
tbingy
tbingummy, thingummyjig, thingummabob
whatsisname
whatnot
whosit
whatsit
7.3 semantics and pragmatics
7.4 summary
chapter 8 the uses of vague language
8.1 introduction
8.2 analytical approach
8.3 three scenarios showing vagueness
eighty or so pence
elaborated code and things like that
humorous effects
8.4 giving the right amount of information
8.5 deliberately withholding information
8.6 using language persuasively
8.7 lexical gaps
8.8 lacking specific information
8.9 displacement
8.10 self-protection
8.11 power and politeness
8.12 informality and atmosphere
8.13 womens language
8.14 summary
chapter 9 going beyond the information given
9.1 summary
9.2 implications for language understanding
vagueness and categorization
9.3 language and the world
9.4 consequences for linguistics
9.5 applications of the study of vague language in english
english language teaching
communication skills teaching
vagueness and politeness
lexicography
9.6 an exercise on the analysis of vague language
9.7 looking forward
bibliography
glossary
index